Punam Phuyal
Tihar festival is the second greatest festival of Hinduism, also named Deepawali and the festival of light. According to Hinduism's beliefs, norms, and culture, Tihar is an essential festival for maintaining peace, harmony, and wealth at the home and among family members. It is considered the second-greatest festival after Dashain in Nepal. The whole country celebrates the festival.
Tihar generally falls on the month of Kartik (October-November). Exactly in Trayodashi of Kartik Krishna Pakshya and ends with Vatika in Dwitiya of Kartik Suklapakshya every year. It falls in the middle of the autumn season. So, the environment remains beautiful with different flowers blooming in the surroundings.
As some stories and rationales lie behind every event. There are various stories about the celebration of Tihar as well. One of the famous stories behind the celebration of the Tihar festival is related to Yama the god of death and his sister Yamuna.
This sold story is believed to be a real incident of Satya Yug and is passed from generation to generation through different methodologies.
Yama had been staying away from his sister for a long time. His sister wanted to meet him. So she asked various sources to visit him and ask him to give her a visit. She sent a crow, dog, and cow and at the end, she went herself to see her brother. She worshiped him with tika and flowers, she gave him seven colored tika.
Yamuna made a circle with mustard oil, Dubo Grass (Cynodon Dactylon) put Makhmali Mala (Globe Amaranth), and asked Yamaraj not to go till the oil, Dubo Grass and the flower got dry. Therefore, every sister worships her brother keeping him in the circle of mustard oil, putting mala (garland) of Makhmali flower and Dubo grass.
These components never dried out and the tika Yamuna put on her brother’s forehead protects her brother and he remains alive forever.
The entire festival of Tihar is celebrated with respect and belief in this story. A great respect towards animals, and plants and deep love between brother and sisterhood is the basis of celebrating Tihar.
Nepalese celebrate Tihar for five days which is also known as yamapanchak. Each day is special for the worship of different living beings.
Kag tihar is the beginning day of the greatest festival, Tihar. Yama Panchak begins from this day. There is a belief that if any people die on this yama Panchak, then they will directly reach Heaven.
People worship the crow as the god of the messenger of death. They give delicious food and water to crow on this special day. People believe the crow gives messages to the house in the morning. People worship it to bring good luck themselves.
Kukur Tihar is the second day of the Tihar. People worship dogs by putting garlands, tika, and delicious food on dogs and showing a good relationship between humans and dogs.
Dogs occupy a special place in Hindu mythology Dogs guard every home or street and they get special respect on this day. According to the Mahabharata, Bhairava, a mysterious object of Lord Shiva, had a dog as a vahana (vehicle). There is a saying that Yama, the god of death, owns two guard dogs – each with four eyes. Those dogs watch over the gates of Naraka, (the Hindu concept of Hell). Owing to this belief, this day is also observed as Naraka Chaturdashi.
In the Hindu religion, the cow is also known as our mother because we grow up drinking her milk. Some look cow as Goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity.
Hindus worship cows in the morning of the third day of Tihar. They use sesame oil light, a garland of flowers, and a red color (abir) for worshiping cows. They feed cows by giving wheat flour, sel roti, rice, and dal. Disciples try to pass in between the four legs of the cow.
In the afternoon we clean our houses and paint floors with red mud (RatoMato) and cow dung (gobar). People make small circles in front of the main gate and decorate them with colorful designs. Some people call it rangoli.
People paint small designs of footsteps from the main entrance to the puja kotha. These footsteps are similar to the footsteps of the goddess Lakshmi. People lit candles, dio (pala), and different colorful lights to make houses bright and beautiful.
There is a long tradition of going to different houses in the evening and singing songs to enjoy in Tihar. There is a system of giving money and delicious food to such groups. Generally, girls and kids go out to neighbors and sing traditional songs called Bhailo songs. The tradition is called “Bhailo” and the songs are called Bhailini songs.
The song starts with “Bhailini aain agana gunyo cholo magna, hey ausiko din gai tiharo bhailo.” Badalikudali rakheko, laxmi pooja gareko, hey ausi ko dina gai tiharo bhailo…” This means Bahilini are at your door to ask for a gunyocholo (Nepali traditional dress); today is new moon day and Cow pooja and Bhailo day; the house is clean and you have done Lakshmi puja, today is cow pooja day and Bhailo.”
Kids enjoy blowing firecrackers on this day. People play cards in Laxmi puja to welcome goddess Laxmi in the night and believe that Laxmi comes to the house that is clean and bright.
In the evening, people glow numerous lights and do lightening works. Then only they worship goddess Laxmi. Therefore tihar is also known as the festival of light. Hindus believe that worshiping Laxmi and pleasing her gives wealth and creates peace and harmony in the house. People worship wealth and food stores this day.
Govardhan puja (GoruTihar) includes three different kinds of puja. They are Goru Puja, goverdan puja and mah puja. We worship oxen as goru puja because oxen support farmers in digging fields and carrying loads. We do Goverdhan puja by making a hill of Govardhan parbat using cow dung. Cow dung has great importance in Hindu culture. In the old days, people used dung for light night (Methane) to polish the mud floors of traditional houses.
Still now cow dung is very important to complete puja in Nepali Hindu culture. The scientific reason for using cow dung is to make the place bacteria-free as well.
On this night the Newar community performs Maha Puja also known as self-puja to purify our body. In this puja, newar people make Mandap with Saipatri (marigold flower), sweets and fruits, and a special garland of thread.
Each member of the family has one Mandap. A female member of the family offers the person sitting on the Mandap a Sagun with crossed hands. Shagun usually consists of fried eggs, fruits, sweets, meat, fish, lentils, and pastries. On the left hand is egg and fish and on the right hand Rakshi (homemade alcohol). This day is also the beginning of Nepal Sambat, Newari New Year.
In the evening many Nepali children and young men go house to house singing the Deusi song (Aahai bhanamera bhai ho deusi re bhanana bhana deusere). Deusi is very similar to Bhailo. Bhailo is primarily for females and Deusi for males. However, nowadays there is such a distinction. People go in groups with male and female members to celebrate Bhailo and deusi.
The fifth and last day of Tihar is Bhai Tika. This day sisters put “Tika of seven colors” saptaRangiTika–Red, yellow, green, orange, blue, indigo, and white on the forehead of their brothers, to ensure long life and pray to Yamraja for their brother’s long life and prosperity. Sister offers brothers Shaguns of dry fruits, especially walnuts, hazelnuts (Katus), fruits and sweets and in return the brothers give their sisters gifts and money. The brothers also put saptaRangi Tika to sister and bow her on her feet and assure her to protect her till the end of life.
On this day, Rani Pokhari Temple (located in central Kathmandu) is open for those who do not have any brothers or sisters. This is the only time in a year the temple is open to the general public.
The seven colors of saptarangi tika have their own significance. The meaning of saptarangi tika is listed in the table below:
| Saptarangi tika colours | symbol |
| Red | symbolize love and power |
| Blue | symbolize strength and stability |
| Geen | the color of prosperity and happiness |
| Yellow | representation of wisdom and learning |
| White | symbol of purity and peace |
| Navi Purple | Calmness and tranquility |
| Orange | gives determination and endurance |
| Kartik 02, 2082 B.S.- October 19, 2025 - Kag Tihar (crow puja) |
| Kartik 03, 2082 B.S.- October 20, 2025: Dog festival (Kukur Tihar), laxmi Puja |
| Kartik 05, 2082 B.S.- October 22, 2025 - Gobardan Puja/Gai goru Puja/Mha Puja/Hali Tihar |
| Kartik 06, 2082 B.S. - October 23, 2025 - Bhai Tika |
Photo by Sushil Basnet
HAPPY TIHAR
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